I. NOUN A) Noun is a naming word. B) Classification of Nouns: 1. Proper Nouns (Proper Names) are the offic...
I. NOUN
A) Noun
is a naming word.
B) Classification of Nouns:
1. Proper
Nouns (Proper Names) are the official name of particular or specific
persons.
2. Common
Nouns, which identify general categories, may refer to any one of a class
or kind of people, place or thing.
a) Countable
Nouns (Unit or Count Nouns) name objects which can be counted or divided.
They may either be common nouns or collective nouns.
b) Uncountable
Nouns (Non-Count Nounts) name objects that cannot be counted. They may
either be mass or abstract nouns.
3. Concrete
Noun names a member of a class or a group of persons, places, or things,
which may be counted and perceived by the senses.
4. Abstract
Nouns names concepts or general ideas and denotes quality, a state of
condition, and action.
5. Collective
nouns denote a group of persons, animals or things that are considered a
single unit.
6. Mass
Noun is one that describes concrete objects considered in a mass quantity.
7. Compound
Nouns are combinations of words that function as nouns in a sentence.
8. Diminutive
Noun is a derivative indicating something small, young, or loved and
belittled.
9. Agent
Noun is one that indicates a being or thing that acts for or in place of
another, or one that acts by authority of another.
10. Recipient
Noun indicates one who receives something, one to whom an act is done or
upon whom a privilege is conferred.
11. Predicate
Noun follows a linking verb.
C) Uses Of Nouns
1. Subject of the verb
2. Object of the verb
3. Complement of the subject
4. Complement of the verb
5. Object of the preposition
6. Appositive
7. Modifier of another noun
8. Modifier of an Adjective
9. Modifier of a verb
D) Cases
of Nouns means the relationship of the noun to the other words in a sentence.
1. Nominative
Case – the noun is used as the subject of the sentence
2. Vocative
Case (Calling Case) – it refers to the person or thing spoken to.
3. Accusative
Case (Objective Case) – a noun which is the object or at the receiving end
of a verb.
4. Dative
Case – a noun is used as the indirect object of an action.
5. Genitive
Case (Possessive Case) – a noun which denotes the idea of belonging to or
being in the possession to somebody or something.
II. VERBS
A) Verbs
express action, a state of being, or a condition.
B) Classification of Verbs
1. Action
Verbs are verbs that assert action
2. Verbs
of Being or Linking Verbs
connect what goes before them in a sentence and describe only a state of being.
3. Auxiliary
Verbs or Helping Verbs help out
another verb in forming tenses, voice, or mood.
4. Transitive
Verbs indicate action taken on an object.
5. Intransitive
Verbs do not require an object.
6. Regular
Verbs (Weak Verbs) follow the normal pattern of conjugation by adding “d”
or “ed” to form their past tense and past participle.
7. Irregular
Verbs (Strong Verbs) form their past tense and past participle in a way
other than by adding “d” or “ed”
C) Voice
tells whether the subject of the sentence is acting or acted upon.
1. Active
Voice – the subject is the doer of the action
2. Passive
Voice – the subject is the receiver of the action
D) Tone is
a characteristic of the tenses of verbs that express precisely what the writer
wishes to say.
1. Simple
Tone is a concise statement of a snapshot action of a verb, or immediate or
unspecified time.
2. Progressive
Tone is formed by using proper tense of the verb “to be” followed by
present participle.
3. Emphatic
Tone is expressed by the verbs “do” and “did” and the present infinitive of
the main verb.
E) Mood
reveals how action is thought of, whether as a fact, as a possibility, or a
command or request.
1. Indicative
Mood – to express a fact or ask a question
2. Imperative
Mood – to give a command or express a necessity
3. Subjunctive
Mood – to express a wish, desire, volition, supposition, a condition
contrary to fact, or a condition that is highly improbable.
F) Tense
indicates the time of action or time of the static condition expressed by
verbs.
1. Simple Tense
a) Simple
Present Tense expresses an action going on or a condition existing at
present.
•
Verb (regular form) + s/es (singular) or without s or es
(plural)
•
State of being (is, are)
or emphatic form (do, does)
b) Simple
Past Tense expresses an action that has happened or a condition that has
existed in the past.
•
Verb + d/ed/t
c) Simple
Future Tense depicts an action that takes place or will occur or a
condition that will exist at some future time.
•
Will/shall + main verb (present plural form)
d) Present
Progressive Tense depicts an action that is actually occurring at the
moment.
•
Verb “to be” (Present ) + present participle (“ing” form)
e) Past
Progressive Tense conveys things that continued to happen in the past but
have ended.
•
Verb “to be” (Past ) + present participle (“ing” form)
f) Future
Progressive Tense denotes actions or conditions that continue in the
future.
•
Will be/shall be + present participle (“ing” form)
2. Compound Tense
a) Present
Perfect Tense denotes an action that has just completed at the time of
speaking.
•
Has/have + Past Participle
b) Past
Perfect Tense denotes a past action that was completed before another past
action.
•
Had + Past Participle
c) Future
Perfect Tense denotes action that will be completed at some definite time
in the future.
•
Shall have/Will have + Past Participle
d) Present
Perfect Progressive Tense expresses action which began in the past and
still continuing.
•
Has been/have been + Present Participle
e) Past
Perfect Progressive Tense expresses action that started and was completed
in the past.
•
Had been + Present Participle
f) Future
Perfect Progressive Tense suggests action that will end at or by a definite
time in the future.
•
Shall have been/will have been + Present Participle
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