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Ang Prinsipyo ng Kalakalang Panlabas

Nagaganap ang ganitong ugnayan ng mga bansa dulot ng kakapusan sa likas na yaman at iba pang mga salik upang maisagawa ang produksiyon. Hal...

Nagaganap ang ganitong ugnayan ng mga bansa dulot ng kakapusan sa likas na yaman at iba pang mga salik upang maisagawa ang produksiyon. Halimbawa, ang ating bansa ay sagana sa mga produktong agrikultural gaya ng bigas, mais, gulay, at mga prutas subalit salat naman tayo sa produktong langis at petrolyo kung kaya’t tayo ay umaasa sa produksiyon ng ibang bansa. Ang ganitong sitwasyon ang nagbibigay ng batayan kung bakit umiiral ang kalakalang panlabas.

Kaugnay nito, ang pag-iral ng sistema ng kalakalang panlabas ay hindi na bago. Kung ating babalikan ang kasaysayan, bago pa man dumating ang mga Espanyol, ang mga sinaunang Pilipino ay nakikipagpalitan na ng kalakal sa ilalim ng sistemang barter sa mga Arabo, Tsino, Hapones,
Indian, at iba pang dayuhan. Sa ilalim ng sistemang barter, ang batayan ng pagpapalitan ng kalakal o produkto ay nakabatay ayon sa kung ano ang pangangailangan at kagustuhan ng isang bansa. Nang dumating ang mga Espanyol, Amerikano, at Hapones kasabay ng kanilang pananakop sa Pilipinas, ay lumawak ang sistema ng ating pakikipagkalakalan sa ibang mga bansa.

Sa kabilang dako, kaalinsabay ng pagbabago ng panahon at pag-unlad ng disiplina ng pag-aaral ng ekonomiks ay sumibol ang iba’t ibang mga teorya o pananaw ng mga ekonomista tungkol sa kalakalang panlabas na siyang nagdulot ng malawakang pagbabago mula sa sistemang barter noong sinaunang panahon. Ang absolute advantage at comparative advantage theory ang nagiging basehan ng mga bansa para sumali sa pandaigdigang kalakalan. Ang export ay tumutukoy sa pagluluwas ng mga produkto o serbisyo sa pandaigdigang pamilihan, samantalang ang import ay tumutukoy sa pagpasok sa lokal na pamilihan ng mga produkto o serbisyo mula sa ibang bansa.

Ang absolute advantage theory, ay pinanukala ni Adam Smith. Ito ay kaalinsabay ng pagkakalathala ng kaniyang aklat na “An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations”noong 1176. Isinasaad ng teoryang ito na ang isang bansa ay dapat na magpakadalubhasa sa paglikha ng mga produkto. Subalit, paano malalaman ng isang bansa kung anong produkto o serbisyo ang dapat niyang pagtuunan o pagkadalubhasaang iprodyus? Ang kaisipang ito ay mabisang mauunawaan gamit ang talahanayang na nasa ibaba.
Bansa
Dami ng
Sapatos
Dami ng Pantalon
A
10
8
B
5
24
Kabuuan
15
32
Ipagpalagay batay sa talahanayan na may dalawang bansa: A at B. Sila ay nagpoprodyus ng dalawang uri ng produkto: sapatos at pantalon. Iba’t ibang kasanayan ang kailangan upang makapagprodyus ng mga nabanggit na produkto. Ipagpalagay ring ang mga manggagawa sa bansang A at B ay kayang makagawa ng nabanggit na kabuuang dami ng sapatos at pantalon sa loob ng isang araw. Samakatuwid, ang pagiging produktibo ng paggawa ang siyang magsasabi kung gaano karami ang maaaring magawang sapatos atpantalon. Kung kaya’t ang bansang A ang may absolute advantage sa produksiyon ng sapatos at ang bansang B naman ay mas efficient sa pagprodyus ng pantalon.
Bansa
Sako ng Mais
T-Shirts
C
20
10
D
4
8
Kabuuan
24
18
Ano naman ang maaaring maganap na sitwasyon kung ang isang bansa ay may absolute advantage sa pagprodyus ng parehong produkto. Bakit mayroon pa ring kalakalan? Ipagpalagay na may dalawang bansa C at D. Ang mga produkto ay mais at t-shirts. Ang pagiging produktibo ng isang manggagawa ay makikita sa talahanayan.
Batay sa talahanayan, kayang iprodyus ng bansang C ang mais at t-shirt na mas efficient kaysa sa bansang D. Samakatuwid, mayroon siyang absolute advantage sa pagprodyus ng mais at t-shirts. Kung tutuusin, kaya niyang magprodyus ng mais ng limang beses ang dami kompara sa bansang D. Kaya rin ng bansang C na magprodyus ng 1.25 na beses sa kayang iprodyus na t-shirts ng bansang D. Ngunit may comparative advantage ang bansang C sa pagprodyus ng mais; ang bansang D naman ay may comparative advantage sa paggawa ng t-shirts. Sa kabilang dako, maaari ding ipaliwanag ang comparative advantage gamit ang konsepto ng opportunity cost.

Para makagawa ng 10 pang t-shirts, kailangang isuko ng bansang C ang 20 sako ng mais. Ang opportunity cost ng pagprodyus ng isang t-shirt ay dalawang sako ng mais. Para sa bansang D upang makagawa ng 8 pang t-shirts, kailangang isuko ang 2 sako ng mais. Samakatwid, ang opportunity cost ng pagprodyus ng isang t-shirt ay kalahating sako ng mais. May mas mababang opportunity cost sa pagprodyus ng t-shirt ang bansang D, kaya may comparative advantage ang bansang D sa pagprodyus ng t-shirt.

Kung kaya’t masasabi nating ang isang bansa ay may comparative advantage sa paggawa ng isang bagay o serbisyo kapag kaya niyang gawin ang produkto o serbisyo nang mas efficient kompara sa ibang uri ng produkto o serbisyo sa larangan ng kanyang paghahambing sa ibang bansa. Ang mga bansa ay dapat na magpakadalubhasa at mag-export ng mga produkto o serbisyo kung saan siya ay may comparative advantage at mag-import na lamang ng mga produkto o serbisyo na wala siyang comparative advantage sa pagprodyus.

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Techpopop: Ang Prinsipyo ng Kalakalang Panlabas
Ang Prinsipyo ng Kalakalang Panlabas
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