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Mga Estruktura ng Pamilihan

Ang estruktura ng pamilihan ay tumutukoy sa balangkas na umiiral sa sistema ng merkado kung saan ipinapakita ang ugnayan ng konsyumer at...

Ang estruktura ng pamilihan ay tumutukoy sa balangkas na umiiral sa sistema
ng merkado kung saan ipinapakita ang ugnayan ng konsyumer at prodyuser. Ito ay
nahahati sa dalawang pangunahing balangkas----ang pamilihan na may ganap na
kompetisyon (Perfectly Competitive Market (PCM)) at ang pamilihang hindi ganap ang
kompetisyon (Imperfectly Competitive Market (ICM)). Ang mga ito ay teoretikal na
balangkas ng pamilihan. Ang dami at lawak ng kontrol ng market players o ang mga
konsyumer at prodyuser sa pamilihan ay ang salik na nagtatakda ng estruktura nito.

Ang katangian ng dalawang pangunahing balangkas ng pamilihan ay maipapaliwanag
ng sumusunod na pahayag:

• Pamilihang May Ganap na Kompetisyon 
Sa ilalim ng ganitong sistema, walang sinoman sa prodyuser at konsyumer
ang maaaring makakontrol sa takbo ng pamilihan partikular sa presyo. Ito ay
nangangahulugang hindi kayang idikta nang isang prodyuser at konsyumer ng
mag-isa ang presyo.

Ito ang estruktura ng pamilihan na kinikilala bilang modelo o ideal.
Sa panig ng prodyuser, hindi nila ito kayang kontrolin sapagkat
maraming nagtitinda ng magkakaparehong uri ng produkto at serbisyo sa
pamilihan. Dahil dito, ang mga konsyumer ay may pamimilian kung saan at
kanino bibili ng isang partikular na produkto o serbisyo. Ito ay nangangahulugan
ng balangkas na lubhang napakaliit ng prodyuser kumpara sa kabuuang bilang
ng mga prodyuser sa pamilihan.

Sa panig naman ng mga konsyumer, walang sinoman ang may
kakayahang idikta ang presyo dahil lubha rin silang napakaliit kumpara sa
buong bilang ng maaaring bumili ng produkto o serbisyo. Dahil dito, ang lahat
ng prodyuser at konsyumer ay mapipilitang magbenta at bumili ng produkto at
serbisyo sa itinakdang presyo ng ekwilibriyo ng pamilihan. Ang sitwasyong ito
ay ipinaliliwanag ng konsepto ng price taker na kung saan ang prodyuser at
konsyumer ay umaayon lamang sa kung ano ang takbo ng presyo sa pamilihan
at walang kapasidad na magtakda ng sarili nilang presyo.
Ayon kay Paul Krugman at Robin Wells sa kanilang aklat na Economics
2nd Edition (2009), ang pamilihang may ganap na kompetisyon ay may
sumusunod na katangian:

 Maraming maliliit na konsyumer at prodyuser – Dahil sa marami at maliliit
ang konsyumer at prodyuser, walang kakayahan na maimpluwensiyahan
ang presyo na papabor sa interes ng sinoman sa pamilihan.

 Magkakatulad ang produkto (Homogenous) – Ito ay nangangahulugang
maraming produkto na magkakatulad kung kaya’t ang konsyumer ay
maraming pagpipilian. Halimbawa, ang pechay, na galing sa Benguet ay
walang pagkakaiba sa pechay na galing sa Nueva Ecija.

 Malayang paggalaw ng sangkap ng produksiyon – Dahil walang direktang
sangkap para makabuo ng mga produkto. Bunga nito, maraming produkto
ang nagkakatulad na maaaring ipagbili sa pamilihan.
may kontrol sa mga salik ng produksiyon, maraming mapagkukunan ng mga

Malayang pagpasok at paglabas sa industriya – Ang pamilihan partikular
na ang sistema ng pagnenegosyo ay bukas sa lahat ng may kapasidad
na maibahagi. Walang kakayahan ang mga dating prodyuser na sila ay
hadlangan o pagbawalan sa pagpasok sa pamilihan. Ito ay nakatutulong
upang paigtingin ang kompetisyon sa pamilihan na nagdudulot para
siguraduhin ng mga prodyuser na ang kanilang produkto ay may mataas na
kalidad at tamang presyo upang tangkilin ng mga konsyumer.

 Malaya ang Impormasyon ukol sa pamilihan – Dahil ang sistema ay
malaya, ang pagdaloy ng impormasyon lalo na sa pagtatakda ng presyo
at dami ay bukas para sa kaalaman ng lahat. Malayang makagagawa at
makapagbebenta ang isang prodyuser sa pamilihan. Gayundin, ang mga
konsyumer ay malaya kung bibili o hindi bibili ng mga produkto at serbisyo
sa pamilihan.

•Pamilihang May Hindi Ganap na Kompetisyon 
estruktura kung wala ang anumang kondisyon o katangian na matatagpuan sa
pamilihang may ganap na kompetisyon. Sa pangkalahatang paglalarawan, ang
lahat ng prodyuser na bumubuo sa ganitong estruktura ay may kapangyarihang
maimpluwensiyahan ang presyo sa pamilihan. Ang sumusunod na anyo ang
bumubuo sa pamilihang may hindi-ganap na kompetisyon.

 Monopolyo – Ito ay ang uri ng pamilihan na iisa lamang ang prodyuser
na gumagawa ng produkto o nagbibigay serbisyo kung kaya’t walang
pamalit o kahalili. Dahil dito, siya ay may kakayahang impluwensiyahan
ang pagtatakda ng presyo sa pamilihan.
tanggapin na lamang ang pagiging makapangyarihan ng mga monopolista.
Ang mga halimbawa ng mga prodyuser na nasa ganitong uri ay ang mga
kompanya ng koryente sa aspekto ng transmission, tubig, at tren. Ang
mga pangunahing katangian ng monopolyo ay ang sumusunod:

 Iisa ang nagtitinda – Dahil iisa ang nagbebenta, ang presyo at
Tinatawag na pamilihang may hindi ganap na kompetisyon ang
Sa ganitong kadahilanan, ang mga konsyumer ay napipilitang
dami ng supply ay idinidikta, batay sa tinatawag na profit max rule o
pagnanais ng prodyuser na makakuha ng malaking kita.

 Produkto na walang kapalit – Ang mga produkto ay walang kauri
kaya nakokontrol ang presyo at dami ng supply.

 Kakayahang hadlangan ang kalaban – Dahil sa mga patent,
copyright, at trademark gamit ang Intellectual Property Rights,
hindi makapasok ang ibang nais na maging bahagi ng industriya
na kaparehas sa hanay ng produkto at serbisyong nililikha ng mga
monopolista.
Kaugnay nito, batay sa World Intellectual Property Organization,
ang copyright ay isang uri ng intellectual property right na tumutukoy
sa karapatang pagmamay-ari ng isang tao na maaaring kabilang
ang mga akdang pampanitikan (literary works) o akdang pansining
(artistic works). Kabilang din dito ang mga gawa gaya ng aklat,
musika, paintings, iskultura, pelikula, computer programs, databases,
advertisements, maps, at technical drawings.
imbentor at kanilang mga imbensyon. Ito ay ipinagkakaloob ng
gobyerno sa isang imbentor upang mapagbawalan ang iba na gawin,
gamitin, ibenta, iangkat, at iluwas ang imbensiyon niya kapalit ng
pagsisiwalat sa publiko ng mga detalye ng kaniyang imbensiyon. Ang
impormasyong ito ay maaaring gamitin sa hinaharap para magkaroon
ng inobasyon at pag-unlad. o marka sa mga produkto at serbisyo na siyang nagsisilbing
pagkakakilanlan ng kompanyang may gawa o nagmamay-ari nito.
Samantala, ang patent naman ay pumoprotekta sa mga
Ang trademark naman ay ang paglalagay ng mga simbolo

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Techpopop: Mga Estruktura ng Pamilihan
Mga Estruktura ng Pamilihan
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